房产网站运营方案,四川建设厅网站首页,网站可以做系统还原吗,罗村建网站这是我用不到 370 行代码#xff0c;从零开始控制台创建 Win32 窗口#xff0c;再挂上交换链#xff0c;在窗口上使用 D2D 绘制界面内容。最后使用 AOT 方式发布的测试应用。成品文件体积不超过 10MB 且运行内存稳定在 60MB 以内#xff0c;满帧率运行但 CPU 近乎不动 整个… 这是我用不到 370 行代码从零开始控制台创建 Win32 窗口再挂上交换链在窗口上使用 D2D 绘制界面内容。最后使用 AOT 方式发布的测试应用。成品文件体积不超过 10MB 且运行内存稳定在 60MB 以内满帧率运行但 CPU 近乎不动 整个测试应用采用了 .NET 8 的框架用于更好的支持 AOT 发布 使用了 Vortice 系列库用于对 DirectX 的封装方便让编写调用 DirectX 的代码 使用了 Microsoft.Windows.CsWin32 方便进行 Win32 方法的调用 所有的代码都写在 Program.cs 文件里面代码长度不到 370 行更有趣的是可以强行算是都写在 Main 方法里面由 Main 方法以及放在 Main 方法里面的局部方法构成。整体实现非常简单。我将会在本文末尾告诉大家本文的代码的下载方法 本文仅仅是分享我的开发经验不包含 DirectX 的前置知识。如果不熟悉 D2D 和 DirectX 还请以看着玩的心态阅读本文 一开始采用了 DirectX 使用 Vortice 从零开始控制台创建 Direct2D1 窗口修改颜色 和 dotnet DirectX 通过 Vortice 控制台使用 ID2D1DeviceContext 绘制画面 博客提供的方法搭建了基础的应用框架 为了让界面更加的丰富我准备在界面添加多个圆形。然后为了让界面动起来我添加了名为 DrawingInfo 的结构体用于存放每个圆形的坐标和大小等信息 readonly record struct DrawingInfo(System.Numerics.Vector2 Offset, Size Size, D2D.ID2D1SolidColorBrush Brush); 先在绘制的循环外对 DrawingInfo 进行随机设置值 var ellipseInfoList new ListDrawingInfo();for (int i 0; i 3000; i){// 随意创建颜色var color new Color4((byte) Random.Shared.Next(255), (byte) Random.Shared.Next(255), (byte) Random.Shared.Next(255));D2D.ID2D1SolidColorBrush brush renderTarget.CreateSolidColorBrush(color);ellipseInfoList.Add(new DrawingInfo(new System.Numerics.Vector2(Random.Shared.Next(clientSize.Width), Random.Shared.Next(clientSize.Height)), new Size(Random.Shared.Next(10, 100)), brush));} 进入循环之后再每次修改 Offset 的值这样就可以让每次绘制的圆形动起来 while (true){// 开始绘制逻辑renderTarget.BeginDraw();// 清空画布renderTarget.Clear(new Color4(0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF));// 在下面绘制漂亮的界面for (var i 0; i ellipseInfoList.Count; i){var drawingInfo ellipseInfoList[i];var vector2 drawingInfo.Offset;vector2.X Random.Shared.Next(200) - 100;vector2.Y Random.Shared.Next(200) - 100;while (vector2.X 100 || vector2.X clientSize.Width - 100){vector2.X Random.Shared.Next(clientSize.Width);}while (vector2.Y 100 || vector2.Y clientSize.Height - 100){vector2.Y Random.Shared.Next(clientSize.Height);}ellipseInfoList[i] drawingInfo with { Offset vector2 };// 忽略其他代码}// 忽略其他代码} 以上的修改坐标代码只是为了让圆形每次都在其附近移动 附带就在里层循环将每个圆形绘制代码如下 // 在下面绘制漂亮的界面for (var i 0; i ellipseInfoList.Count; i){// 忽略其他代码renderTarget.FillEllipse(new D2D.Ellipse(vector2, drawingInfo.Size.Width, drawingInfo.Size.Height), drawingInfo.Brush);} 大概的改动如此接下来咱需要改造一下 csproj 项目文件让此项目可以构建出 AOT 版本的应用 先修改 TargetFramework 为 net8.0 使用 .NET 8 可以更好构建 AOT 应用 PropertyGroupTargetFrameworknet8.0/TargetFramework/PropertyGroup 接着为了减少不断提示的平台警告添加以下代码忽略 CA1416 警告 PropertyGroupTargetFrameworknet8.0/TargetFrameworkNoWarnCA1416/NoWarn/PropertyGroup 接着再添加 PublishAot 属性这样调用发布命令之后就可以自动创建 AOT 应用的文件 PropertyGroupTargetFrameworknet8.0/TargetFrameworkNoWarnCA1416/NoWarnPublishAottrue/PublishAot/PropertyGroup 此时运行起来将不会成功将会提示大概如下的错误 Unhandled Exception: System.MissingMethodException: No parameterless constructor defined for type Vortice.DXGI.IDXGIFactory2.at System.ActivatorImplementation.CreateInstance(Type, BindingFlags, Binder, Object[], CultureInfo, Object[]) 0x348at SharpGen.Runtime.MarshallingHelpers.FromPointer[T](IntPtr) 0x8cat Vortice.DXGI.DXGI.CreateDXGIFactory1[T]() 0x55at Program.Main$g__CreateD2D|0_2(Program.c__DisplayClass0_0) 0x90at Program.Main$(String[] args) 0x23eat CedageawhakairnerewhalNaibiferenagifee!BaseAddress0x17a3c0 或者是如下的错误 Unhandled Exception: System.MissingMethodException: No parameterless constructor defined for type Vortice.Direct3D11.ID3D11Device1.at System.ActivatorImplementation.CreateInstance(Type, BindingFlags, Binder, Object[], CultureInfo, Object[]) 0x348at SharpGen.Runtime.MarshallingHelpers.FromPointer[T](IntPtr) 0x8cat SharpGen.Runtime.ComObject.QueryInterface[T]() 0x64at Program.Main$g__CreateD2D|0_2(Program.c__DisplayClass0_0) 0x1c7at Program.Main$(String[] args) 0x23eat CedageawhakairnerewhalNaibiferenagifee!BaseAddress0x335cf0 这是因为这些引用的库里面的类型在 AOT 的裁剪过程被丢掉 修复的方法很简单那就是将 Vortice 添加到 TrimmerRootAssembly 里面防止在 AOT 过程被裁剪 ItemGroupTrimmerRootAssembly IncludeVortice.Win32/TrimmerRootAssembly IncludeVortice.DXGI/TrimmerRootAssembly IncludeVortice.Direct3D11/TrimmerRootAssembly IncludeVortice.Direct2D1/TrimmerRootAssembly IncludeVortice.D3DCompiler/TrimmerRootAssembly IncludeVortice.DirectX/TrimmerRootAssembly IncludeVortice.Mathematics//ItemGroup 修改之后的 csproj 代码如下 Project SdkMicrosoft.NET.SdkPropertyGroupOutputTypeExe/OutputTypeTargetFrameworknet8.0/TargetFrameworkImplicitUsingsenable/ImplicitUsingsNullableenable/NullablePublishAottrue/PublishAotNoWarnCA1416/NoWarn/PropertyGroupItemGroupPackageReference IncludeVortice.Direct2D1 Version2.1.32 /PackageReference IncludeVortice.Direct3D11 Version2.1.32 /PackageReference IncludeVortice.DirectX Version2.1.32 /PackageReference IncludeVortice.D3DCompiler Version2.1.32 /PackageReference IncludeVortice.Win32 Version1.6.2 /PackageReference IncludeMicrosoft.Windows.CsWin32 PrivateAssetsall Version0.2.63-beta //ItemGroupItemGroupTrimmerRootAssembly IncludeVortice.Win32/TrimmerRootAssembly IncludeVortice.DXGI/TrimmerRootAssembly IncludeVortice.Direct3D11/TrimmerRootAssembly IncludeVortice.Direct2D1/TrimmerRootAssembly IncludeVortice.D3DCompiler/TrimmerRootAssembly IncludeVortice.DirectX/TrimmerRootAssembly IncludeVortice.Mathematics//ItemGroup
/Project 完成以上配置之后即可使用命令行 dotnet publish 将项目进行发布如果在发布的控制台可以看到 Generating native code 输出那就证明配置正确正在构建 AOT 文件 完成构建之后即可在 bin\Release\net8.0\win-x64\publish 文件夹找到构建输出的文件在我这里看到的输出文件大小大概在 10MB 以下大家可以尝试使用本文末尾的方法拉取我的代码自己构建一下试试效果 运行起来的任务管理器所见内存大小大约是 30MB 左右通过 VMMap 工具查看 WorkingSet 和 Private Bytes 都在 60MB 以内。虽然 Committed 的内存高达 300MB 但是绝大部分都是 Image 共享部分占用内存如显卡驱动等部分的占用这部分占用大约在 250MB 以上实际的 Image 的 private 的占用不到 10MB 大小 我认为这个技术可以用来制作一些小而美的工具甚至是不用考虑 x86 的只需考虑 x64 的机器上运行的应用的安装包制作程序。要是拿着 D2D 绘制的界面去当安装包的界面那估计安装包行业会卷起来 以下是所有的代码 using D3D Vortice.Direct3D;
using D3D11 Vortice.Direct3D11;
using DXGI Vortice.DXGI;
using D2D Vortice.Direct2D1;using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using Windows.Win32.Foundation;
using Windows.Win32.UI.WindowsAndMessaging;
using static Windows.Win32.PInvoke;
using static Windows.Win32.UI.WindowsAndMessaging.PEEK_MESSAGE_REMOVE_TYPE;
using static Windows.Win32.UI.WindowsAndMessaging.WNDCLASS_STYLES;
using static Windows.Win32.UI.WindowsAndMessaging.WINDOW_STYLE;
using static Windows.Win32.UI.WindowsAndMessaging.WINDOW_EX_STYLE;
using static Windows.Win32.UI.WindowsAndMessaging.SYSTEM_METRICS_INDEX;
using static Windows.Win32.UI.WindowsAndMessaging.SHOW_WINDOW_CMD;
using Vortice.DCommon;
using Vortice.Mathematics;
using AlphaMode Vortice.DXGI.AlphaMode;
using System.Diagnostics;unsafe
{SizeI clientSize new SizeI(1000, 1000);// 窗口标题var title lindexi D2D AOT;var windowClassName title;WINDOW_STYLE style WS_CAPTION | WS_SYSMENU | WS_MINIMIZEBOX | WS_CLIPSIBLINGS | WS_BORDER | WS_DLGFRAME | WS_THICKFRAME | WS_GROUP | WS_TABSTOP | WS_SIZEBOX;var rect new RECT{right clientSize.Width,bottom clientSize.Height};AdjustWindowRectEx(rect, style, false, WS_EX_APPWINDOW);int x 0;int y 0;int windowWidth rect.right - rect.left;int windowHeight rect.bottom - rect.top;// 随便放在屏幕中间好了。多个显示器忽略int screenWidth GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXSCREEN);int screenHeight GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYSCREEN);x (screenWidth - windowWidth) / 2;y (screenHeight - windowHeight) / 2;var hInstance GetModuleHandle((string) null);fixed (char* lpszClassName windowClassName){PCWSTR szCursorName new((char*) IDC_ARROW);var wndClassEx new WNDCLASSEXW{cbSize (uint) Unsafe.SizeOfWNDCLASSEXW(),style CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW | CS_OWNDC,// 核心逻辑设置消息循环lpfnWndProc new WNDPROC(WndProc),hInstance (HINSTANCE) hInstance.DangerousGetHandle(),hCursor LoadCursor((HINSTANCE) IntPtr.Zero, szCursorName),hbrBackground (Windows.Win32.Graphics.Gdi.HBRUSH) IntPtr.Zero,hIcon (HICON) IntPtr.Zero,lpszClassName lpszClassName};ushort atom RegisterClassEx(wndClassEx);if (atom 0){throw new InvalidOperationException($Failed to register window class. Error: {Marshal.GetLastWin32Error()});}}// 创建窗口var hWnd CreateWindowEx(WS_EX_APPWINDOW,windowClassName,title,style,x,y,windowWidth,windowHeight,hWndParent: default,hMenu: default,hInstance: default,lpParam: null);// 创建完成那就显示ShowWindow(hWnd, SW_NORMAL);CreateD2D();// 开个消息循环等待Windows.Win32.UI.WindowsAndMessaging.MSG msg;while (true){if (GetMessage(out msg, hWnd, 0, 0) ! false){_ TranslateMessage(msg);_ DispatchMessage(msg);if (msg.message is WM_QUIT or WM_CLOSE or 0){return;}}}void CreateD2D(){RECT windowRect;GetClientRect(hWnd, windowRect);clientSize new SizeI(windowRect.right - windowRect.left, windowRect.bottom - windowRect.top);// 开始创建工厂创建 D3D 的逻辑var dxgiFactory2 DXGI.DXGI.CreateDXGIFactory1DXGI.IDXGIFactory2();var hardwareAdapter GetHardwareAdapter(dxgiFactory2)// 这里 ToList 只是想列出所有的 IDXGIAdapter1 方便调试而已。在实际代码里大部分都是获取第一个.ToList().FirstOrDefault();if (hardwareAdapter null){throw new InvalidOperationException(Cannot detect D3D11 adapter);}// 功能等级// [C# 从零开始写 SharpDx 应用 聊聊功能等级](https://blog.lindexi.com/post/C-%E4%BB%8E%E9%9B%B6%E5%BC%80%E5%A7%8B%E5%86%99-SharpDx-%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8-%E8%81%8A%E8%81%8A%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7.html)D3D.FeatureLevel[] featureLevels new[]{D3D.FeatureLevel.Level_11_1,D3D.FeatureLevel.Level_11_0,D3D.FeatureLevel.Level_10_1,D3D.FeatureLevel.Level_10_0,D3D.FeatureLevel.Level_9_3,D3D.FeatureLevel.Level_9_2,D3D.FeatureLevel.Level_9_1,};DXGI.IDXGIAdapter1 adapter hardwareAdapter;D3D11.DeviceCreationFlags creationFlags D3D11.DeviceCreationFlags.BgraSupport;var result D3D11.D3D11.D3D11CreateDevice(adapter,D3D.DriverType.Unknown,creationFlags,featureLevels,out D3D11.ID3D11Device d3D11Device, out D3D.FeatureLevel featureLevel,out D3D11.ID3D11DeviceContext d3D11DeviceContext);if (result.Failure){// 如果失败了那就不指定显卡走 WARP 的方式// http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId286690result D3D11.D3D11.D3D11CreateDevice(IntPtr.Zero,D3D.DriverType.Warp,creationFlags,featureLevels,out d3D11Device, out featureLevel, out d3D11DeviceContext);// 如果失败就不能继续result.CheckError();}// 大部分情况下用的是 ID3D11Device1 和 ID3D11DeviceContext1 类型// 从 ID3D11Device 转换为 ID3D11Device1 类型var d3D11Device1 d3D11Device.QueryInterfaceD3D11.ID3D11Device1();var d3D11DeviceContext1 d3D11DeviceContext.QueryInterfaceD3D11.ID3D11DeviceContext1();// 转换完成可以减少对 ID3D11Device1 的引用计数// 调用 Dispose 不会释放掉刚才申请的 D3D 资源只是减少引用计数d3D11Device.Dispose();d3D11DeviceContext.Dispose();// 创建设备接下来就是关联窗口和交换链DXGI.Format colorFormat DXGI.Format.B8G8R8A8_UNorm;const int FrameCount 2;DXGI.SwapChainDescription1 swapChainDescription new(){Width clientSize.Width,Height clientSize.Height,Format colorFormat,BufferCount FrameCount,BufferUsage DXGI.Usage.RenderTargetOutput,SampleDescription DXGI.SampleDescription.Default,Scaling DXGI.Scaling.Stretch,SwapEffect DXGI.SwapEffect.FlipDiscard,AlphaMode AlphaMode.Ignore,};// 设置是否全屏DXGI.SwapChainFullscreenDescription fullscreenDescription new DXGI.SwapChainFullscreenDescription{Windowed true};// 给创建出来的窗口挂上交换链DXGI.IDXGISwapChain1 swapChain dxgiFactory2.CreateSwapChainForHwnd(d3D11Device1, hWnd, swapChainDescription, fullscreenDescription);// 不要被按下 altenter 进入全屏dxgiFactory2.MakeWindowAssociation(hWnd, DXGI.WindowAssociationFlags.IgnoreAltEnter);D3D11.ID3D11Texture2D backBufferTexture swapChain.GetBufferD3D11.ID3D11Texture2D(0);// 获取到 dxgi 的平面这个平面就约等于窗口渲染内容DXGI.IDXGISurface dxgiSurface backBufferTexture.QueryInterfaceDXGI.IDXGISurface();// 对接 D2D 需要创建工厂D2D.ID2D1Factory1 d2DFactory D2D.D2D1.D2D1CreateFactoryD2D.ID2D1Factory1();// 方法1//var renderTargetProperties new D2D.RenderTargetProperties(PixelFormat.Premultiplied);在窗口的 dxgi 的平面上创建 D2D 的画布如此即可让 D2D 绘制到窗口上//D2D.ID2D1RenderTarget d2D1RenderTarget // d2DFactory.CreateDxgiSurfaceRenderTarget(dxgiSurface, renderTargetProperties);//var renderTarget d2D1RenderTarget;// 方法2// 创建 D2D 设备通过设置 ID2D1DeviceContext 的 Target 输出为 dxgiSurface 从而让 ID2D1DeviceContext 渲染内容渲染到窗口上// 如 https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/direct2d/images/devicecontextdiagram.png 图// 获取 DXGI 设备用来创建 D2D 设备DXGI.IDXGIDevice dxgiDevice d3D11Device1.QueryInterfaceDXGI.IDXGIDevice();D2D.ID2D1Device d2dDevice d2DFactory.CreateDevice(dxgiDevice);D2D.ID2D1DeviceContext d2dDeviceContext d2dDevice.CreateDeviceContext();D2D.ID2D1Bitmap1 d2dBitmap d2dDeviceContext.CreateBitmapFromDxgiSurface(dxgiSurface);d2dDeviceContext.Target d2dBitmap;var renderTarget d2dDeviceContext;// 开启后台渲染线程无限刷新var stopwatch Stopwatch.StartNew();var count 0;Task.Factory.StartNew(() {var ellipseInfoList new ListDrawingInfo();for (int i 0; i 100; i){// 随意创建颜色var color new Color4((byte) Random.Shared.Next(255), (byte) Random.Shared.Next(255), (byte) Random.Shared.Next(255));D2D.ID2D1SolidColorBrush brush renderTarget.CreateSolidColorBrush(color);ellipseInfoList.Add(new DrawingInfo(new System.Numerics.Vector2(Random.Shared.Next(clientSize.Width), Random.Shared.Next(clientSize.Height)), new Size(Random.Shared.Next(10, 100)), brush));}while (true){// 开始绘制逻辑renderTarget.BeginDraw();// 清空画布renderTarget.Clear(new Color4(0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF));// 在下面绘制漂亮的界面for (var i 0; i ellipseInfoList.Count; i){var drawingInfo ellipseInfoList[i];var vector2 drawingInfo.Offset;vector2.X Random.Shared.Next(200) - 100;vector2.Y Random.Shared.Next(200) - 100;while (vector2.X 100 || vector2.X clientSize.Width - 100){vector2.X Random.Shared.Next(clientSize.Width);}while (vector2.Y 100 || vector2.Y clientSize.Height - 100){vector2.Y Random.Shared.Next(clientSize.Height);}ellipseInfoList[i] drawingInfo with { Offset vector2 };renderTarget.FillEllipse(new D2D.Ellipse(vector2, drawingInfo.Size.Width, drawingInfo.Size.Height), drawingInfo.Brush);}renderTarget.EndDraw();swapChain.Present(1, DXGI.PresentFlags.None);// 等待刷新d3D11DeviceContext1.Flush();// 统计刷新率count;if (stopwatch.Elapsed TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1)){Console.WriteLine($FPS: {count / stopwatch.Elapsed.TotalSeconds});stopwatch.Restart();count 0;}}}, TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning);}
}static IEnumerableDXGI.IDXGIAdapter1 GetHardwareAdapter(DXGI.IDXGIFactory2 factory)
{DXGI.IDXGIFactory6? factory6 factory.QueryInterfaceOrNullDXGI.IDXGIFactory6();if (factory6 ! null){// 先告诉系统要高性能的显卡for (int adapterIndex 0;factory6.EnumAdapterByGpuPreference(adapterIndex, DXGI.GpuPreference.HighPerformance,out DXGI.IDXGIAdapter1? adapter).Success;adapterIndex){if (adapter null){continue;}DXGI.AdapterDescription1 desc adapter.Description1;if ((desc.Flags DXGI.AdapterFlags.Software) ! DXGI.AdapterFlags.None){// Dont select the Basic Render Driver adapter.adapter.Dispose();continue;}//factory6.Dispose();Console.WriteLine($枚举到 {adapter.Description1.Description} 显卡);yield return adapter;}factory6.Dispose();}// 如果枚举不到那系统返回啥都可以for (int adapterIndex 0;factory.EnumAdapters1(adapterIndex, out DXGI.IDXGIAdapter1? adapter).Success;adapterIndex){DXGI.AdapterDescription1 desc adapter.Description1;if ((desc.Flags DXGI.AdapterFlags.Software) ! DXGI.AdapterFlags.None){// Dont select the Basic Render Driver adapter.adapter.Dispose();continue;}Console.WriteLine($枚举到 {adapter.Description1.Description} 显卡);yield return adapter;}
}static LRESULT WndProc(HWND hWnd, uint message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{return DefWindowProc(hWnd, message, wParam, lParam);
}readonly record struct DrawingInfo(System.Numerics.Vector2 Offset, Size Size, D2D.ID2D1SolidColorBrush Brush); 本文以上代码放在github 和 gitee 欢迎访问 可以通过如下方式获取本文的源代码先创建一个空文件夹接着使用命令行 cd 命令进入此空文件夹在命令行里面输入以下代码即可获取到本文的代码 git init
git remote add origin https://gitee.com/lindexi/lindexi_gd.git
git pull origin 66f9fe05baba8ad30495069aebd447b160484215 以上使用的是 gitee 的源如果 gitee 不能访问请替换为 github 的源。请在命令行继续输入以下代码 git remote remove origin
git remote add origin https://github.com/lindexi/lindexi_gd.git
git pull origin 66f9fe05baba8ad30495069aebd447b160484215 获取代码之后进入 CedageawhakairnerewhalNaibiferenagifee 文件夹 更多关于 DirectX 和 D2D 相关技术请参阅我的 博客导航 交流 Vortice 技术欢迎加群 622808968
